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    Nature. 2021 Oct 20. doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-04018-9. pii: 10.1038/s41586-021-04018-9
    The origins and spread of domestic horses from the Western Eurasian steppes.
    Librado P1,  Khan N2,  Fages A3,  Kusliy MA4,  Suchan T5,  Tonasso-Calvière L6,  Schiavinato S7,  Alioglu D8,  Fromentier A9,  Perdereau A10,  Aury JM11,  Gaunitz C12,  Chauvey L13,  Seguin-Orlando A14,  Der Sarkissian C15,  Southon J16,  Shapiro B17,  Tishkin AA18,  Kovalev AA19,  Alquraishi S20,  Alfarhan AH21,  Al-Rasheid KAS22,  Seregély T23,  Klassen L24,  Iversen R25,  Bignon-Lau O26,  Bodu P27,  Olive M28,  Castel JC29,  Boudadi-Maligne M30,  Alvarez N31,  Germonpré M32,  Moskal-Del Hoyo M33,  Wilczyński J34,  Pospuła S35,  Lasota-Kuś A36,  Tunia K37,  Nowak M38,  Rannamäe E39,  Saarma U40,  Boeskorov G41,  Lōugas L42,  Kyselý R43,  Peške L44,  Bălășescu A45,  Dumitrașcu V46,  Dobrescu R47,  Gerber D48,  Kiss V49,  Szécsényi-Nagy A50,  Mende BG51,  Gallina Z52,  Somogyi K53,  Kulcsár G54,  Gál E55,  Bendrey R56,  Allentoft ME57,  Sirbu G58,  Dergachev V59,  Shephard H60,  Tomadini N61,  Grouard S62,  Kasparov A63,  Basilyan AE64,  Anisimov MA65,  Nikolskiy PA66,  Pavlova EY67,  Pitulko V68,  Brem G69,  Wallner B70,  Schwall C71,  Keller M72,  Kitagawa K73,  Bessudnov AN74,  Bessudnov A75,  Taylor W76,  Magail J77,  Gantulga JO78,  Bayarsaikhan J79,  Erdenebaatar D80,  Tabaldiev K81,  Mijiddorj E82,  Boldgiv B83,  Tsagaan T84,  Pruvost M85,  Olsen S86,  Makarewicz CA87,  Valenzuela Lamas S88,  Albizuri Canadell S89,  Nieto Espinet A90,  Iborra MP91,  Lira Garrido J92,  Rodríguez González E93,  Celestino S94,  Olària C95,  Arsuaga JL96,  Kotova N97,  Pryor A98,  Crabtree P99,  Zhumatayev R100,  Toleubaev A101,  Morgunova NL102,  Kuznetsova T103,  Lordkipanize D104,  Marzullo M105,  Prato O106,  Bagnasco Gianni G107,  Tecchiati U108,  Clavel B109,  Lepetz S110,  Davoudi H111,  Mashkour M112,  Berezina NY113,  Stockhammer PW114,  Krause J115,  Haak W116,  Morales-Muñiz A117,  Benecke N118,  Hofreiter M119,  Ludwig A120,  Graphodatsky AS121,  Peters J122,  Kiryushin KY123,  Iderkhangai TO124,  Bokovenko NA125,  Vasiliev SK126,  Seregin NN127,  Chugunov KV128,  Plasteeva NA129,  Baryshnikov GF130,  Petrova E131,  Sablin M132,  Ananyevskaya E133,  Logvin A134,  Shevnina I135,  Logvin V136,  Kalieva S137,  Loman V138,  Kukushkin I139,  Merz I140,  Merz V141,  Sakenov S142,  Varfolomeyev V143,  Usmanova E144,  Zaibert V145,  Arbuckle B146,  Belinskiy AB147,  Kalmykov A148,  Reinhold S149,  Hansen S150,  Yudin AI151,  Vybornov AA152,  Epimakhov A153,  Berezina NS154,  Roslyakova N155,  Kosintsev PA156,  Kuznetsov PF157,  Anthony D158,  Kroonen GJ159,  Kristiansen K160,  Wincker P161,  Outram A162,  Orlando L163
    Author information
    1Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
    2Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
    3Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
    4Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
    5Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
    6Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
    7Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
    8Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
    9Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
    10Genoscope, Institut de biologie François-Jacob, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France.
    11Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut de biologie François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France.
    12Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
    13Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
    14Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
    15Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
    16Earth System Science Department, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
    17Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.
    18Department of Archaeology, Ethnography and Museology, Altai State University, Barnaul, Russia.
    19Department of Archaeological Heritage Preservation, Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
    20Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
    21Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
    22Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
    23Institute for Archaeology, Heritage Conservation Studies and Art History, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany.
    24Museum Østjylland, Randers, Denmark.
    25Saxo Institute, section of Archaeology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
    26ArScAn-UMR 7041, Equipe Ethnologie préhistorique, CNRS, MSH-Mondes, Nanterre Cedex, France.
    27ArScAn-UMR 7041, Equipe Ethnologie préhistorique, CNRS, MSH-Mondes, Nanterre Cedex, France.
    28ArScAn-UMR 7041, Equipe Ethnologie préhistorique, CNRS, MSH-Mondes, Nanterre Cedex, France.
    29Muséum d'histoire naturelle, Secteur des Vertébrés, Geneva, Switzerland.
    30UMR 5199 De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel : Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie (PACEA), CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac Cedex, France.
    31Geneva Natural History Museum, Geneva, Switzerland.
    32OD Earth & History of Life, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium.
    33W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland.
    34Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland.
    35Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland.
    36Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland.
    37Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland.
    38Institute of Archaeology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
    39Department of Archaeology, Institute of History and Archaeology, Tartu, Estonia.
    40Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
    41Diamond and Precious Metals Geology Institute, SB RAS, Yakutsk, Russia.
    42Archaeological Research Collection, Tallinn University, Tallinn, Estonia.
    43Department of Natural Sciences and Archaeometry, Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia.
    44, Prague, Czechia.
    45Vasile Pârvan Institute of Archaeology, Department of Bioarchaeology, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania.
    46Vasile Pârvan Institute of Archaeology, Department of Bioarchaeology, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania.
    47Vasile Pârvan Institute of Archaeology, Department of Bioarchaeology, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania.
    48Institute of Archaeogenomics, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary.
    49Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary.
    50Institute of Archaeogenomics, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary.
    51Institute of Archaeogenomics, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary.
    52Ásatárs Ltd., Kecskemét, Hungary.
    53Rippl-Rónai Municipal Museum with Country Scope, Kaposvár, Hungary.
    54Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary.
    55Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary.
    56School of History, Classics and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh, Old Medical School, Edinburgh, UK.
    57Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Lab, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
    58Department of Academic Management, Academy of Science of Moldova, Chișinău, Republic of Moldova.
    59Center of Archaeology, Institute of Cultural Heritage, Academy of Science of Moldova, Chișinău, Republic of Moldova.
    60Archaeological Institute of America, Boston, MA, USA.
    61Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique (AASPE), CP 56, Paris, France.
    62Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique (AASPE), CP 56, Paris, France.
    63Institute for the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences (IHMC RAS), St Petersburg, Russia.
    64Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
    65Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, St Petersburg, Russia.
    66Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
    67Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, St Petersburg, Russia.
    68Institute for the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences (IHMC RAS), St Petersburg, Russia.
    69Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
    70Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
    71Department of Prehistory and Western Asian/Northeast African Archaeology, Austrian Archaeological Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
    72Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
    73SFB 1070 Resource Cultures, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
    74Semenov-Tyan-Shanskii Lipetsk State Pedagogical University, Lipetsk, Russia.
    75Institute for the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences (IHMC RAS), St Petersburg, Russia.
    76Museum of Natural History, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
    77Musée d'Anthropologie préhistorique de Monaco, Monaco, Monaco.
    78Institute of Archaeology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
    79Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.
    80Department of Archaeology, Ulaanbaatar State University, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
    81Department of History, Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.
    82Department of Archaeology, Ulaanbaatar State University, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
    83Department of Biology, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
    84Institute of Archaeology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
    85UMR 5199 De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel : Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie (PACEA), CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac Cedex, France.
    86Division of Archaeology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.
    87Institute for Prehistoric and Protohistoric Archaeology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany.
    88Archaeology of Social Dynamics, Institució Milà i Fontanals d'Humanitats, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IMF-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
    89Departament d'Història i Arqueologia-SERP, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
    90Grup d'Investigació Prehistòrica, Universitat de Lleida, PID2019-110022GB-I00, Lleida, Spain.
    91, Valencia, Spain.
    92Departamento de Medicina Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain.
    93Instituto de Arqueología (CSIC-Junta de Extremadura), Mérida, Spain.
    94Instituto de Arqueología (CSIC-Junta de Extremadura), Mérida, Spain.
    95Laboratori d'Arqueologia Prehistòrica, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, Spain.
    96Centro Mixto UCM-ISCIII de Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos, Madrid, Spain.
    97Department of Eneolithic and Bronze Age, Institute of Archaeology National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine.
    98Department of Archaeology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
    99Center for the Study of Human Origins, Anthropology Department, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
    100Department of Archaeology, Ethnology and Museology, Al Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
    101Department of Archaeology, Ethnology and Museology, Al Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
    102Scientific Research Department, Orenburg State Pedagogical University, Orenburg, Russia.
    103Department of paleontology, Faculty of Geology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
    104Georgian National Museum, Tbilisi, Georgia.
    105Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Beni Culturali e Ambientali, Milan, Italy.
    106Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Beni Culturali e Ambientali, Milan, Italy.
    107Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Beni Culturali e Ambientali, Milan, Italy.
    108Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Beni Culturali e Ambientali, Milan, Italy.
    109Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique (AASPE), CP 56, Paris, France.
    110Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique (AASPE), CP 56, Paris, France.
    111University of Tehran, Central Laboratory, Bioarchaeology Laboratory, Archaeozoology Section, Tehran, Iran.
    112Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique (AASPE), CP 56, Paris, France.
    113Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
    114Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
    115Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.
    116Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.
    117Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
    118Eurasia Department of the German Archaeological Institute, Berlin, Germany.
    119Evolutionary Adaptive Genomics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.
    120Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany.
    121Department of the Diversity and Evolution of Genomes, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia.
    122ArchaeoBioCenter and Institute of Palaeoanatomy, Domestication Research and the History of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
    123Department of Archaeology, Ethnography and Museology, Altai State University, Barnaul, Russia.
    124Department of Archaeology, Ulaanbaatar State University, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
    125Institute for the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences (IHMC RAS), St Petersburg, Russia.
    126ArchaeoZOOlogy in Siberia and Central Asia-ZooSCAn International Research Laboratory, Institute of Archeology and Ethnography of the Siberian Branch of the RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia.
    127Department of Archaeology, Ethnography and Museology, Altai State University, Barnaul, Russia.
    128Department of Eastern European and Siberian Archaeology, State Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg, Russia.
    129Paleoecology Laboratory, Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia.
    130Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia.
    131Department of Archaeology, History Faculty, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
    132Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia.
    133Department of Archaeology, History Faculty, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
    134Laboratory for Archaeological Research, Faculty of History and Law, Kostanay State University, Kostanay, Kazakhstan.
    135Laboratory for Archaeological Research, Faculty of History and Law, Kostanay State University, Kostanay, Kazakhstan.
    136Department of History and Archaeology, Surgut Governmental University, Surgut, Russia.
    137Department of History and Archaeology, Surgut Governmental University, Surgut, Russia.
    138Saryarka Archaeological Institute, Buketov Karaganda University, Karaganda, Kazakhstan.
    139Saryarka Archaeological Institute, Buketov Karaganda University, Karaganda, Kazakhstan.
    140Toraighyrov University, Joint Research Center for Archeological Studies, Pavlodar, Kazakhstan.
    141Toraighyrov University, Joint Research Center for Archeological Studies, Pavlodar, Kazakhstan.
    142Faculty of History, L. N. Gumilev Eurasian National University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan.
    143Saryarka Archaeological Institute, Buketov Karaganda University, Karaganda, Kazakhstan.
    144Saryarka Archaeological Institute, Buketov Karaganda University, Karaganda, Kazakhstan.
    145Institute of Archaeology and Steppe Civilizations, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
    146Department of Anthropology, Alumni Building, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
    147Nasledie Cultural Heritage Unit, Stavropol, Russia.
    148Nasledie Cultural Heritage Unit, Stavropol, Russia.
    149Eurasia Department of the German Archaeological Institute, Berlin, Germany.
    150Eurasia Department of the German Archaeological Institute, Berlin, Germany.
    151Research Center for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage, Saratov, Russia.
    152Department of Russian History and Archaeology, Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education, Samara, Russia.
    153Russian and Foreign History Department, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia.
    154Archaeological School, Chuvash State Institute of Humanities, Cheboksary, Russia.
    155Department of Russian History and Archaeology, Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education, Samara, Russia.
    156Paleoecology Laboratory, Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia.
    157Department of Russian History and Archaeology, Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education, Samara, Russia.
    158Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
    159Department of Nordic Studies and Linguistics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
    160Department of Historical Studies, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    161Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut de biologie François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France.
    162Department of Archaeology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
    163Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France. ludovic.orlando@univ-tlse3.fr.
    Abstract

    Domestication of horses fundamentally transformed long-range mobility and warfare. However, modern domesticated breeds do not descend from the earliest domestic horse lineage associated with archaeological evidence of bridling, milking and corralling at Botai, Central Asia around 3500 BC. Other longstanding candidate regions for horse domestication, such as Iberia and Anatolia, have also recently been challenged. Thus, the genetic, geographic and temporal origins of modern domestic horses have remained unknown. Here we pinpoint the Western Eurasian steppes, especially the lower Volga-Don region, as the homeland of modern domestic horses. Furthermore, we map the population changes accompanying domestication from 273 ancient horse genomes. This reveals that modern domestic horses ultimately replaced almost all other local populations as they expanded rapidly across Eurasia from about 2000 BC, synchronously with equestrian material culture, including Sintashta spoke-wheeled chariots. We find that equestrianism involved strong selection for critical locomotor and behavioural adaptations at the GSDMC and ZFPM1 genes. Our results reject the commonly held association between horseback riding and the massive expansion of Yamnaya steppe pastoralists into Europe around 3000 BC driving the spread of Indo-European languages. This contrasts with the scenario in Asia where Indo-Iranian languages, chariots and horses spread together, following the early second millennium BC Sintashta culture.


    © 2021. The Author(s).

    Publikations ID: 34671162
    Quelle: öffnen
     
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