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    Alternatives to laboratory animals : ATLA. 2022 May 16. doi: 10.1177/02611929221099165
    The Rise of Three Rs Centres and Platforms in Europe.
    Neuhaus W1,  Reininger-Gutmann B2,  Rinner B3,  Plasenzotti R4,  Wilflingseder D5,  De Kock J6,  Vanhaecke T7,  Rogiers V8,  Jírová D9,  Kejlová K10,  Knudsen LE11,  Nielsen RN12,  Kleuser B13,  Kral V14,  Thöne-Reineke C15,  Hartung T16,  Pallocca G17,  Leist M18,  Hippenstiel S19,  Lang A20,  Retter I21,  Krämer S22,  Jedlicka P23,  Ameli K24,  Fritsche E25,  Tigges J26,  Buettner M27,  Bleich A28,  Baumgart N29,  Baumgart J30,  Meinhardt MW31,  Spanagel R32,  Chourbaji S33,  Kränzlin B34,  Seeger B35,  von Köckritz-Blickwede M36,  Sánchez-Morgado JM37,  Galligioni V38,  Ruiz-Pérez D39,  Movia D40,  Prina-Mello A41,  Ahluwalia A42,  Chiono V43,  Gutleb AC44,  Schmit M45,  van Golen B46,  van Weereld L47,  Kienhuis A48,  van Oort E49,  van der Valk J50,  Smith A51,  Roszak J52,  Stępnik M53,  Sobańska Z54,  Olsson IAS55,  Franco NH56,  Sevastre B57,  Kandarova H58,  Capdevila S59,  Johansson J60,  Cederroth CR61,  Sandström J62,  Ragan I63,  Bubalo N64,  Spielmann H65
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    Abstract

    Public awareness and discussion about animal experiments and replacement methods has greatly increased in recent years. The term 'the Three Rs', which stands for the Replacement, Reduction and Refinement of animal experiments, is inseparably linked in this context. A common goal within the Three Rs scientific community is to develop predictive non-animal models and to better integrate all available data from , and omics technologies into regulatory decision-making processes regarding, for example, the toxicity of chemicals, drugs or food ingredients. In addition, it is a general concern to implement (human) non-animal methods in basic research. Toward these efforts, there has been an ever-increasing number of Three Rs centres and platforms established over recent years - not only to develop novel methods, but also to disseminate knowledge and help to implement the Three Rs principles in policies and education. The adoption of on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes gave a strong impetus to the creation of Three Rs initiatives, in the form of centres and platforms. As the first of a series of papers, this article gives an overview of the European Three Rs centres and platforms, and their historical development. The subsequent articles, to be published over the course of 's 50th Anniversary year, will summarise the current focus and tasks as well as the future and the plans of the Three Rs centres and platforms. The Three Rs centres and platforms are very important points of contact and play an immense role in their respective countries as 'on the ground' facilitators of . They are also invaluable for the widespread dissemination of information and for promoting implementation of the Three Rs in general.


    KEYWORDS: 3R, 3Rs, EU3Rnet, NAM, NAMs, new approach methodologies, non-animal methods, novel approach methodologies

    Publikations ID: 35578444
    Quelle: öffnen
     
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