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    Nature. 2021 Dec 22. doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-04287-4. pii: 10.1038/s41586-021-04287-4
    Large-scale migration into Britain during the Middle to Late Bronze Age.
    Patterson N1,  Isakov M2,  Booth T3,  Büster L4,  Fischer CE5,  Olalde I6,  Ringbauer H7,  Akbari A8,  Cheronet O9,  Bleasdale M10,  Adamski N11,  Altena E12,  Bernardos R13,  Brace S14,  Broomandkhoshbacht N15,  Callan K16,  Candilio F17,  Culleton B18,  Curtis E19,  Demetz L20,  Carlson KSD21,  Fernandes DM22,  Foody MGB23,  Freilich S24,  Goodchild H25,  Kearns A26,  Lawson AM27,  Lazaridis I28,  Mah M29,  Mallick S30,  Mandl K31,  Micco A32,  Michel M33,  Morante GB34,  Oppenheimer J35,  Özdoğan KT36,  Qiu L37,  Schattke C38,  Stewardson K39,  Workman JN40,  Zalzala F41,  Zhang Z42,  Agustí B43,  Allen T44,  Almássy K45,  Amkreutz L46,  Ash A47,  Baillif-Ducros C48,  Barclay A49,  Bartosiewicz L50,  Baxter K51,  Bernert Z52,  Blažek J53,  Bodružić M54,  Boissinot P55,  Bonsall C56,  Bradley P57,  Brittain M58,  Brookes A59,  Brown F60,  Brown L61,  Brunning R62,  Budd C63,  Burmaz J64,  Canet S65,  Carnicero-Cáceres S66,  Čaušević-Bully M67,  Chamberlain A68,  Chauvin S69,  Clough S70,  Čondić N71,  Coppa A72,  Craig O73,  Črešnar M74,  Cummings V75,  Czifra S76,  Danielisová A77,  Daniels R78,  Davies A79,  de Jersey P80,  Deacon J81,  Deminger C82,  Ditchfield PW83,  Dizdar M84,  Dobeš M85,  Dobisíková M86,  Domboróczki L87,  Drinkall G88,  Đukić A89,  Edwards CJ90,  Ernée M91,  Evans C92,  Evans J93,  Fernández-Götz M94,  Filipović S95,  Fitzpatrick A96,  Fokkens H97,  Fowler C98,  Fox A99,  Gallina Z100,  Gamble M101,  González Morales MR102,  González-Rabanal B103,  Green A104,  Gyenesei K105,  Habermehl D106,  Hajdu T107,  Hamilton D108,  Harris J109,  Hayden C110,  Hendriks J111,  Hernu B112,  Hey G113,  Horňák M114,  Ilon G115,  Istvánovits E116,  Jones AM117,  Kavur MB118,  Kazek K119,  Kenyon RA120,  Khreisheh A121,  Kiss V122,  Kleijne J123,  Knight M124,  Kootker LM125,  Kovács PF126,  Kozubová A127,  Kulcsár G128,  Kulcsár V129,  Le Pennec C130,  Legge M131,  Leivers M132,  Loe L133,  López-Costas O134,  Lord T135,  Los D136,  Lyall J137,  Marín-Arroyo AB138,  Mason P139,  Matošević D140,  Maxted A141,  McIntyre L142,  McKinley J143,  McSweeney K144,  Meijlink B145,  Mende BG146,  Menđušić M147,  Metlička M148,  Meyer S149,  Mihovilić K150,  Milasinovic L151,  Minnitt S152,  Moore J153,  Morley G154,  Mullan G155,  Musilová M156,  Neil B157,  Nicholls R158,  Novak M159,  Pala M160,  Papworth M161,  Paresys C162,  Patten R163,  Perkić D164,  Pesti K165,  Petit A166,  Petriščáková K167,  Pichon C168,  Pickard C169,  Pilling Z170,  Price TD171,  Radović S172,  Redfern R173,  Resutík B174,  Rhodes DT175,  Richards MB176,  Roberts A177,  Roefstra J178,  Sankot P179,  Šefčáková A180,  Sheridan A181,  Skae S182,  Šmolíková M183,  Somogyi K184,  Somogyvári Á185,  Stephens M186,  Szabó G187,  Szécsényi-Nagy A188,  Szeniczey T189,  Tabor J190,  Tankó K191,  Maria CT192,  Terry R193,  Teržan B194,  Teschler-Nicola M195,  Torres-Martínez JF196,  Trapp J197,  Turle R198,  Ujvári F199,  van der Heiden M200,  Veleminsky P201,  Veselka B202,  Vytlačil Z203,  Waddington C204,  Ware P205,  Wilkinson P206,  Wilson L207,  Wiseman R208,  Young E209,  Zaninović J210,  Žitňan A211,  Lalueza-Fox C212,  de Knijff P213,  Barnes I214,  Halkon P215,  Thomas MG216,  Kennett DJ217,  Cunliffe B218,  Lillie M219,  Rohland N220,  Pinhasi R221,  Armit I222,  Reich D223
    Author information
    1Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
    2Harvard College, Cambridge, MA, USA.
    3Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK.
    4Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, UK.
    5Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, UK.
    6Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
    7Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
    8Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
    9Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
    10Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, UK.
    11Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
    12Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
    13Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
    14Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK.
    15Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
    16Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
    17Servizio di Bioarcheologia, Museo delle Civiltà, Rome, Italy.
    18Institutes of Energy and the Environment, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
    19Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
    20Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
    21Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
    22Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
    23Department of Biological and Geographical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, UK.
    24Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
    25Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, UK.
    26Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
    27Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
    28Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
    29Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
    30Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
    31Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
    32Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
    33Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
    34Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
    35Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
    36Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
    37Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
    38Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
    39Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
    40Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
    41Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
    42Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
    43INSITU S.C.P. Centelles, Barcelona, Spain.
    44Oxford Archaeology, Oxford, UK.
    45Městské Muzeum v Čelákovicích, Čelákovice, Czech Republic.
    46National Museum of Antiquities, Leiden, Netherlands.
    47Independent Researcher, Soham, Ely, UK.
    48Institut National de Recherches Archéologiques Préventives (INRAP), Paris, France.
    49Cotswold Archaeology, Cirencester, Gloucestershire, UK.
    50Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
    51Leeds Museums and Galleries, Leeds Discovery Centre, Leeds, UK.
    52Department of Anthropology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary.
    53Institute of Preservation of Archaeological Heritage of Northwest Bohemia, Most, Czech Republic.
    54Stratum Ltd., Seget Donji, Croatia.
    55TRACES, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Toulouse, France.
    56School of History, Classics and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
    57Cotswold Archaeology, Cirencester, Gloucestershire, UK.
    58Cambridge Archaeological Unit, Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
    59Corinium Museum, Park Street, Cirencester, UK.
    60Oxford Archaeology, Oxford, UK.
    61Wiltshire Museum, Devizes, UK.
    62South West Heritage Trust, Somerset Heritage Centre, Norton Fitzwarren, Taunton, UK.
    63Department of Historical, Philosophical and Religious Studies, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
    64Kaducej Ltd., Split, Croatia.
    65Institut National de Recherches Archéologiques Préventives (INRAP), Paris, France.
    66Instituto de Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forenses de Cantabria, Santander, Spain.
    67Université de Franche Comté / UMR Chrono-Environnement, Besançon, France.
    68School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
    69Institut National de Recherches Archéologiques Préventives (INRAP), Paris, France.
    70Cotswold Archaeology, Cirencester, Gloucestershire, UK.
    71Archaeological Museum Zadar, Zadar, Croatia.
    72Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
    73Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, UK.
    74Department of Archaeology, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Archaeology, Faculty of Arts, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
    75School of Natural Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire, UK.
    76Hungarian National Museum, Budapest, Hungary.
    77Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
    78Tees Archaeology, Hartlepool, UK.
    79Oxford Archaeology, Oxford, UK.
    80Guernsey Museums & Galleries, Candie Gardens, St Peter Port, Guernsey, UK.
    81Amgueddfa Cymru - National Museum Wales, Cardiff, UK.
    82Kuny Domokos Museum, Tata, Hungary.
    83Research Laboratory for Archaeology, School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
    84Institute of Archaeology, Zagreb, Croatia.
    85Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
    86Department of Anthropology, The National Museum, Prague, Prague, Horní Počernice, Czech Republic.
    87Department of Archaeology, Dobó István Castle Museum, Eger, Hungary.
    88The Orkney Museum, Kirkwall, UK.
    89Archaeological Museum in Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
    90Department of Biological and Geographical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, UK.
    91Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
    92Cambridge Archaeological Unit, Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
    93British Geological Survey, Keyworth Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, UK.
    94School of History, Classics and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
    95Archaeological Museum Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.
    96Archaeology and Ancient History, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
    97Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
    98School of History, Classics and Archaeology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
    99Manx National Heritage, Eiraght Ashoonagh Vannin, Manx Museum, Douglas, Isle of Man, UK.
    100Ásatárs Ltd., Kecskemét, Hungary.
    101Heritage and Archaeological Research Practice (HARP), Edinburgh, UK.
    102Instituto Internacional de Investigaciones Prehistóricas de Cantabria, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Cantabria, Spain.
    103Grupo EvoAdapta, Departamento de Ciencias Históricas, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain.
    104The Salisbury Museum, Salisbury, UK.
    105Department of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
    106VUhbs Archaeology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
    107Department of Anthropology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary.
    108Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre (SUERC), East Kilbride, UK.
    109Corinium Museum, Park Street, Cirencester, UK.
    110Oxford Archaeology, Oxford, UK.
    111Bureau Archeologie en Bodemkwaliteit, Gemeente Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
    112Musée Saint-Remi, Ville de Reims, Reims, France.
    113Oxford Archaeology, Oxford, UK.
    114Department of Archaeology, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Archaeology, Faculty of Arts, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
    115Savaria Museum, Szombathely, Hungary.
    116Jósa András Museum, Nyíregyháza, Hungary.
    117Cornwall Archaeology Unit, Truro, UK.
    118Faculty of Humanities, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia.
    119Musée de La Cour d'Or, Metz, France.
    120East Dorset Antiquarian Society (EDAS), Merrow, West Bexington, Dorset, UK.
    121South West Heritage Trust, Somerset Heritage Centre, Norton Fitzwarren, Taunton, UK.
    122Institute of Archaeogenomics, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary.
    123Groningen Institute of Archaeology, Groningen University, Groningen, Netherlands.
    124Cambridge Archaeological Unit, Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
    125Geology and Geochemistry Cluster, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
    126Damjanich János Museum, Szolnok, Hungary.
    127Archaeological Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Nitra, Slovakia.
    128Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary.
    129University of Szeged, Faculty of Arts, Department of Archaeology, Szeged, Hungary.
    130Musee d'Histoire et d'Archeologie, Vannes, France.
    131School of History, Archaeology and Religion, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
    132Wessex Archaeology, Salisbury, UK.
    133Oxford Archaeology, Oxford, UK.
    134Group EcoPast. CRETUS. Area of Archaeology, Department of History, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
    135Lower Winskill Farm, Langcliffe, Settle, UK.
    136Kaducej Ltd., Split, Croatia.
    137Geophiz.biz, West Heslerton, North Yorkshire, UK.
    138Grupo EvoAdapta, Departamento de Ciencias Históricas, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain.
    139Institute for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of Slovenia, Conservation Centre, Centre for Preventive Archaeology, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
    140Zavičajni Muzej Grada Rovinja, Rovinj, Croatia.
    141Royal Pavilion and Museums Trust, Brighton and Hove, Brighton, UK.
    142Oxford Archaeology, Oxford, UK.
    143Wessex Archaeology, Salisbury, UK.
    144School of History, Classics and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
    145Walcherse Archeologische Dienst, Middelburg, The Netherlands.
    146Institute of Archaeogenomics, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary.
    147Conservation Department in Šibenik, Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Croatia, Šibenik, Croatia.
    148Museum of West Bohemia, Department of Prehistory, Pilsen, Czech Republic.
    149Royal Cornwall Museum, Truro, Cornwall, UK.
    150Archaeological Museum of Istria, Pula, Croatia.
    151National Museum of Kikinda, Kikinda, Serbia.
    152South West Heritage Trust, Somerset Heritage Centre, Norton Fitzwarren, Taunton, UK.
    153Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham, UK.
    154MOLES Archaeology, Courtwood House, Sheffield, UK.
    155University of Bristol Spelaeological Society, University of Bristol Student Union Building, Queens Road, Bristol, UK.
    156Municipal Monument Preservation Institute Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia.
    157Cambridge Archaeological Unit, Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
    158Archaeological and Forensic Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK.
    159Centre for Applied Bioanthropology, Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia.
    160Department of Biological and Geographical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, UK.
    161National Trust, Dorset & Wiltshire, Tisbury, Wiltshire, UK.
    162Institut National de Recherches Archéologiques Préventives (INRAP), Paris, France.
    163Cambridge Archaeological Unit, Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
    164Archaeological Museum, Dubrovnik Museums, Dubrovnik, Croatia.
    165Rómer Flóris Museum of Art and History, Győr, Hungary.
    166Departament de Biologia Animal, de Biologia Vegetal i d'Ecologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain.
    167The City of Prague Museum, Prague, Czech Republic.
    168Musée Le Vergeur, Reims, France.
    169School of History, Classics and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
    170Independent researcher, Budapest, Hungary.
    171Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
    172Institute for Quaternary Palaeontology and Geology, Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Zagreb, Croatia.
    173Centre for Human Bioarchaeology, Museum of London, London, UK.
    174Municipal Monument Preservation Institute Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia.
    175National Trust For Scotland, Hermiston Quay, Edinburgh, UK.
    176Department of Biological and Geographical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, UK.
    177The Novium Museum, Chichester, UK.
    178Provinciaal Archeologisch Depot Noord-Holland, Castricum, The Netherlands.
    179Department of Prehistory and Classical Antiquity, The National Museum, Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
    180Slovak National Museum - Natural History Museum, Bratislava, Slovakia.
    181National Museums Scotland, Edinburgh, UK.
    182The Dock Museum, Barrow-in-Furness, Cumbria, UK.
    183The City of Prague Museum, Prague, Czech Republic.
    184Rippl-Rónai Museum, Kaposvár, Hungary.
    185Katona József Museum Hungary, Kecskemét, Hungary.
    186MAP Archaeological Practice, Showfield Lane, Malton, North Yorkshire, UK.
    187Wosinsky Mór Museum, Szekszárd, Hungary.
    188Institute of Archaeogenomics, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary.
    189Department of Anthropology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary.
    190Cambridge Archaeological Unit, Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
    191MTA - ELTE Research Group for Interdisciplinary Archaeology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
    192Museo del Hombre Dominicano, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.
    193Craven Museum and Gallery, Skipton, UK.
    194Department of Archaeology, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Archaeology, Faculty of Arts, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
    195Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
    196Instituto Monte Bernorio de Estudios de la Antigüedad del Cantábrico (IMBEAC) & Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Geografía e Historia, Departamento de Prehistoria, Historia Antigua y Arqueología, Madrid, Spain.
    197Musée de La Cour d'Or, Metz, France.
    198Hampshire Cultural Trust, Winchester, UK.
    199Rómer Flóris Museum of Art and History, Győr, Hungary.
    200Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed, Amersfoort, Netherlands.
    201Department of Anthropology, The National Museum, Prague, Prague, Horní Počernice, Czech Republic.
    202Maritime Cultures Research Institute, Department of Art, Sciences, and Archaeology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
    203Department of Anthropology, The National Museum, Prague, Prague, Horní Počernice, Czech Republic.
    204Archaeological Research Services, Angel House, Portland Square, Bakewell, Derbyshire, UK.
    205MAP Archaeological Practice, Showfield Lane, Malton, North Yorkshire, UK.
    206Swale and Thames Archaeological Survey Company, Faversham, Kent, UK.
    207University of Bristol Spelaeological Society, University of Bristol Student Union Building, Queens Road, Bristol, UK.
    208Cambridge Archaeological Unit, Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
    209Keswick Museum, Keswick, UK.
    210Krka National Park, Šibenik, Croatia.
    211AA AVALA s.r.o., Bratislava, Slovakia.
    212Institute of Evolutionary Biology, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
    213Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
    214Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK.
    215Department of History, University of Hull, Hull, UK.
    216Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK.
    217Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
    218Institute of Archaeology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
    219Department of Historical, Philosophical and Religious Studies, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
    220Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
    221Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. ron.pinhasi@univie.ac.at.
    222Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, UK. ian.armit@york.ac.uk.
    223Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. reich@genetics.med.harvard.edu.
    Abstract

    Present-day people from England and Wales harbour more ancestry derived from Early European Farmers (EEF) than people of the Early Bronze Age. To understand this, we generated genome-wide data from 793 individuals, increasing data from the Middle to Late Bronze and Iron Age in Britain by 12-fold, and Western and Central Europe by 3.5-fold. Between 1000 and 875 BC, EEF ancestry increased in southern Britain (England and Wales) but not northern Britain (Scotland) due to incorporation of migrants who arrived at this time and over previous centuries, and who were genetically most similar to ancient individuals from France. These migrants contributed about half the ancestry of Iron Age people of England and Wales, thereby creating a plausible vector for the spread of early Celtic languages into Britain. These patterns are part of a broader trend of EEF ancestry becoming more similar across central and western Europe in the Middle to Late Bronze Age, coincident with archaeological evidence of intensified cultural exchange. There was comparatively less gene flow from continental Europe during the Iron Age, and Britain's independent genetic trajectory is also reflected in the rise of the allele conferring lactase persistence to ~50% by this time compared to ~7% in central Europe where it rose rapidly in frequency only a millennium later. This suggests that dairy products were used in qualitatively different ways in Britain and in central Europe over this period.


    © 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.

    Publikations ID: 34937049
    Quelle: öffnen
     
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