¹Laboratoire d'Anthropobiologie Moléculaire et d'Imagerie de Synthèse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, 31000 Toulouse, France; Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Center, University of Copenhagen, 1350K Copenhagen, Denmark.
²Laboratoire d'Anthropobiologie Moléculaire et d'Imagerie de Synthèse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, 31000 Toulouse, France; Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Center, University of Copenhagen, 1350K Copenhagen, Denmark.
³Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Center, University of Copenhagen, 1350K Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan.
⁴Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Center, University of Copenhagen, 1350K Copenhagen, Denmark.
⁵Laboratoire d'Anthropobiologie Moléculaire et d'Imagerie de Synthèse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, 31000 Toulouse, France; Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Center, University of Copenhagen, 1350K Copenhagen, Denmark.
⁶Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Center, University of Copenhagen, 1350K Copenhagen, Denmark; Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.
⁷Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Center, University of Copenhagen, 1350K Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
⁸Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Center, University of Copenhagen, 1350K Copenhagen, Denmark.
⁹Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
¹⁰Seminari d'Estudis i Recerques Prehistoriques, HAR2017-87695-P, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
¹¹Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
¹²Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Center, University of Copenhagen, 1350K Copenhagen, Denmark.
¹³Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
¹⁴Anthropology Department, Hartwick College 1, Oneonta, NY 13820, USA.
¹⁵Shejire DNA project, 050046 Almaty, Kazakhstan.
¹⁶McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3ER, UK.
¹⁷National Museum of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 210646, Mongolia.
¹⁸Deutsches Archäologisches Institut (DAI), 14195 Berlin, Germany.
¹⁹Laboratorio de Paleontologia y Paleobiologia, Instituto Andaluz del Patrimonio Historico, Sevilla, Spain.
²⁰Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
²¹Department of Paleolithic, National Museum of Iran, 1136918111, Tehran, Iran.
²²Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Postbox 1066, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
²³Ecology Group, Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 14201, Mongolia.
²⁴Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Veterinary University of Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
²⁵Anthropology Department, Hartwick College 1, Oneonta, NY 13820, USA.
²⁶Palaeogenetics Group, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution (iOME), Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany.
²⁷Laboratoire d'Anthropobiologie Moléculaire et d'Imagerie de Synthèse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, 31000 Toulouse, France.
²⁸Osteological material research laboratory, Klaipėda university, Klaipėda 92294, Lithuania.
²⁹Department of Osteology, National Museum of Iran, 1136918111, Tehran, Iran; Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
³⁰Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Center, University of Copenhagen, 1350K Copenhagen, Denmark.
³¹Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), E-28049, Madrid, Spain.
³²Integrative prähistorische und naturwissenschaftliche Archäologie (IPNA), 4055 Basel, Switzerland.
³³Uniarq, Centro de Arqueologia da Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-214 Lisboa, Portugal.
³⁴Integrative prähistorische und naturwissenschaftliche Archäologie (IPNA), 4055 Basel, Switzerland.
³⁵CE3C-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
³⁶Institute for Pre- and Protohistoric Archaeology and Archaeology of the Roman Provinces, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539 München, Germany; ArchaeoBioCenter, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539 München, Germany; Institute of Palaeoanatomy, Domestication Research and History of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539 München, Germany.
³⁷Explico Foundation, 6900 Florø, Norway.
³⁸Department of Archaeology, Ulaanbaatar State University, Ulaanbaatar 51, Mongolia.
³⁹Department of Osteology, National Museum of Iran, 1136918111, Tehran, Iran; Archaezoology section, Archaeometry Laboratory, University of Tehran, Tehran CP1417634934, Iran.
⁴⁰Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Veterinary University of Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
⁴¹Departamento de Historia, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Universidad de León, León, Spain.
⁴²Departamento de Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain.
⁴³Operational Direction, Earth and History of Life, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 1000, Brussels, Belgium.
⁴⁴Integrative prähistorische und naturwissenschaftliche Archäologie (IPNA), 4055 Basel, Switzerland.
⁴⁵Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Agricultural University of Iceland, Keldnaholti - Árleyni 22, 112 Reykjavík, Iceland.
⁴⁶Palaeogenetics Group, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution (iOME), Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany.
⁴⁷University of Potsdam, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
⁴⁸Institute for the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 191186, Russia.
⁴⁹Archaeology Institute of Samarkand, Uzbekistan.
⁵⁰Department of Osteology, National Museum of Iran, 1136918111, Tehran, Iran; Archaezoology section, Archaeometry Laboratory, University of Tehran, Tehran CP1417634934, Iran.
⁵¹Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg 620144, Russia.
⁵²Department of Historical Studies, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
⁵³Department of History, Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.
⁵⁴Institut de Biologia Evolutiva, (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), PRBB, Barcelona, Catalonia 08003, Spain.
⁵⁵Samara State University of Social Science and Education, Samara, Russia.
⁵⁶Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Archaezoology section, Archaeometry Laboratory, University of Tehran, Tehran CP1417634934, Iran.
⁵⁷Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics Group, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), 41092 Sevilla, Spain.
⁵⁸Laboratoire Archéorient, UMR 5133, Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée, 69365 Lyon Cedex 7, France.
⁵⁹Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
⁶⁰Laboratory for Archaeological Research, Faculty of History and Law, Kostanay State University, Kostanay, Kazakhstan.
⁶¹Archaeological Research Collection, Tallinn University, 10130 Tallinn, Estonia.
⁶²Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, 10315 Berlin, Germany; Faculty of Life Sciences, Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute, Humboldt University Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
⁶³Museu Nacional de História Natural e da Ciência, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Centro Interuniversitário de História das Ciências e da Tecnologia (CIUHCT), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), CIES-IUL, Lisboa, Portugal.
⁶⁴Uniarq, Centro de Arqueologia da Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-214 Lisboa, Portugal.
⁶⁵Institut de Biologia Evolutiva, (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), PRBB, Barcelona, Catalonia 08003, Spain; Catalan Institution of Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain; CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA-ICP, c/ Columnes s/n, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
⁶⁶Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), CIES-IUL, Lisboa, Portugal.
⁶⁷S.Toraighyrov Pavlodar State University, Joint Research Center for Archeological Studies, 637000 Pavlodar, Kazakhstan.
⁶⁸Department of Archaeology, Ulaanbaatar State University, Ulaanbaatar 51, Mongolia.
⁶⁹University of Oxford, Faculty of History, George Street, Oxford, OX1 2RL, UK.
⁷⁰Samara State University of Social Science and Education, Samara, Russia.
⁷¹Department of Osteology, National Museum of Iran, 1136918111, Tehran, Iran; Archaezoology section, Archaeometry Laboratory, University of Tehran, Tehran CP1417634934, Iran; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique, Sociétés, Pratiques et Environnements (UMR 7209), 75005 Paris, France.
⁷²Laboratory of Archaeozoology, Department Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
⁷³Archaeology of Social Dynamics Group (ADS), Institució Milà i Fontanals-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IMF-CSIC), 08001 Barcelona, Spain; Grup d'Investigació Prehistòrica, HAR2016-78277-R, Universitat de Lleida, 25003 Lleida, Spain.
⁷⁴Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Postbox 1066, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
⁷⁵Osteoarchaeology Practice and Research Center and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, 34320, Avcılar, Istanbul, Turkey.
⁷⁶Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Postbox 1066, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Agricultural University of Iceland, Keldnaholti - Árleyni 22, 112 Reykjavík, Iceland.
⁷⁷Institute for the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 191186, Russia.
⁷⁸Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi 0179, Georgia.
⁷⁹Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR 5199-PACEA, 33615 Pessac Cedex, France.
⁸⁰Institute for Anthropological Research, Gajeva 32, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
⁸¹Vinkovci Municipal Museum, 32 100 Vinkovci, Croatia.
⁸²Samara State University of Social Science and Education, Samara, Russia.
⁸³Iranian Center for Archaeological Research (ICAR), Iranian Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts, and Tourism Organization (ICHHTO), 1136918111, Tehran, Iran.
⁸⁴School of History, Classics and Archaeology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, UK.
⁸⁵Central Natural Science Collections (ZNS), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Domplatz 4, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany.
⁸⁶Palaeogenetics Group, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution (iOME), Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany.
⁸⁷Integrative prähistorische und naturwissenschaftliche Archäologie (IPNA), 4055 Basel, Switzerland.
⁸⁸Integrative prähistorische und naturwissenschaftliche Archäologie (IPNA), 4055 Basel, Switzerland.
⁸⁹Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique, Sociétés, Pratiques et Environnements (UMR 7209), 75005 Paris, France; INRAP Guadeloupe, Centre de recherches archéologiques, UMR 7209 CNRS/MNHN, 97113 Gourbeyre, Guadeloupe.
⁹⁰Institut de Biologia Evolutiva, (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), PRBB, Barcelona, Catalonia 08003, Spain.
⁹¹Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA.
⁹²Department of Osteology, National Museum of Iran, 1136918111, Tehran, Iran; Archaezoology section, Archaeometry Laboratory, University of Tehran, Tehran CP1417634934, Iran; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique, Sociétés, Pratiques et Environnements (UMR 7209), 75005 Paris, France.
⁹³Laboratory for Archaeological Research, Faculty of History and Law, Kostanay State University, Kostanay, Kazakhstan.
⁹⁴Saeedi Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Kashan, Kashan 87317-51167, Iran.
⁹⁵Department Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
⁹⁶Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Postbox 1066, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
⁹⁷Department of Archaeology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK; Department of Archaeology, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QE, UK.
⁹⁸Kermanshah Regional Water Authority, Kermanshah 67145-1466, Iran.
⁹⁹Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.
¹⁰⁰Institute for Pre- and Protohistoric Archaeology and Archaeology of the Roman Provinces, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539 München, Germany; ArchaeoBioCenter, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539 München, Germany.
¹⁰¹Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
¹⁰²Institute of Palaeoanatomy, Domestication Research and History of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539 München, Germany.
¹⁰³Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, School of Arts and Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 14201, Mongolia.
¹⁰⁴Ecology Group, Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 14201, Mongolia.
¹⁰⁵Saryarka Archaeological Institute of Buketov Karaganda State University, Karaganda 100074, Kazakhstan.
¹⁰⁶Iranian Center for Archaeological Research (ICAR), Iranian Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts, and Tourism Organization (ICHHTO), 1136918111, Tehran, Iran.
¹⁰⁷Archaeology of Social Dynamics Group (ADS), Institució Milà i Fontanals-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IMF-CSIC), 08001 Barcelona, Spain.
¹⁰⁸Uniarq, Centro de Arqueologia da Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-214 Lisboa, Portugal.
¹⁰⁹Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Veterinary University of Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
¹¹⁰Faculty of Humanities (Archaeology), University of Southampton, Avenue Campus, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BF, UK.
¹¹¹Scientific Research Institute of Archaeology and Steppe Civilizations, Al Farabi Kazakh National University, 050040 Almaty, Kazakhstan.
¹¹²Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique, Sociétés, Pratiques et Environnements (UMR 7209), 75005 Paris, France.
¹¹³Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique, Sociétés, Pratiques et Environnements (UMR 7209), 75005 Paris, France.
¹¹⁴Department of Osteology, National Museum of Iran, 1136918111, Tehran, Iran; Archaezoology section, Archaeometry Laboratory, University of Tehran, Tehran CP1417634934, Iran; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique, Sociétés, Pratiques et Environnements (UMR 7209), 75005 Paris, France.
¹¹⁵deCODE Genetics, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.
¹¹⁶deCODE Genetics, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.
¹¹⁷GABI UMR1313, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
¹¹⁸Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Center, University of Copenhagen, 1350K Copenhagen, Denmark.
¹¹⁹Department of Archaeology, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QE, UK.
¹²⁰Laboratoire d'Anthropobiologie Moléculaire et d'Imagerie de Synthèse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, 31000 Toulouse, France; Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Center, University of Copenhagen, 1350K Copenhagen, Denmark.
¹²¹Laboratoire d'Anthropobiologie Moléculaire et d'Imagerie de Synthèse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, 31000 Toulouse, France; Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Center, University of Copenhagen, 1350K Copenhagen, Denmark. Electronic address: ludovic.orlando@univ-tlse3.fr.