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    Science (New York, N.Y.). pii: 360/6395/eaap8757. doi: 10.1126/science.aap8757
    Analysis of shared heritability in common disorders of the brain.
    Anttila V1,  Bulik-Sullivan B2,  Finucane HK3,  Walters RK4,  Bras J5,  Duncan L6,  Escott-Price V7,  Falcone GJ8,  Gormley P9,  Malik R10,  Patsopoulos NA11,  Ripke S12,  Wei Z13,  Yu D14,  Lee PH15,  Turley P16,  Grenier-Boley B17,  Chouraki V18,  Kamatani Y19,  Berr C20,  Letenneur L21,  Hannequin D22,  Amouyel P23,  Boland A24,  Deleuze JF25,  Duron E26,  Vardarajan BN27,  Reitz C28,  Goate AM29,  Huentelman MJ30,  Kamboh MI31,  Larson EB32,  Rogaeva E33,  St George-Hyslop P34,  Hakonarson H35,  Kukull WA36,  Farrer LA37,  Barnes LL38,  Beach TG39,  Demirci FY40,  Head E41,  Hulette CM42,  Jicha GA43,  Kauwe JSK44,  Kaye JA45,  Leverenz JB46,  Levey AI47,  Lieberman AP48,  Pankratz VS49,  Poon WW50,  Quinn JF51,  Saykin AJ52,  Schneider LS53,  Smith AG54,  Sonnen JA55,  Stern RA56,  Van Deerlin VM57,  Van Eldik LJ58,  Harold D59,  Russo G60,  Rubinsztein DC61,  Bayer A62,  Tsolaki M63,  Proitsi P64,  Fox NC65,  Hampel H66,  Owen MJ67,  Mead S68,  Passmore P69,  Morgan K70,  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    Author information
    1Analytic Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. verneri.anttila@gmail.com acorvin@tcd.ie bneale@broadinstitute.org.
    2Analytic Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
    3Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
    4Analytic Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
    5UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK.
    6Analytic Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
    7Cardiff University, Medical Research Council Center for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Institute of Psychology, Medicine & Clinical Neuroscience, Cardiff, UK.
    8Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
    9Analytic Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
    10Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
    11Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
    12Analytic Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
    13Department of Computer Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, New Jersey, USA.
    14Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
    15Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
    16Analytic Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
    17INSERM U1167 LabEx DISTALZ, Lille, France.
    18INSERM U1167 LabEx DISTALZ, Lille, France.
    19Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.
    20INSERM U1061 - Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, Montpellier, France.
    21INSERM, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France.
    22Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France.
    23INSERM U1167 LabEx DISTALZ, Lille, France.
    24Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH), Institut de biologie François Jacob, CEA, Evry, France.
    25Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH), Institut de biologie François Jacob, CEA, Evry, France.
    26Department of Gerontology, Hôpital Broca, AH-HP, Paris, France.
    27Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center and Dept of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
    28Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
    29Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
    30Translational Genomics Research Institute, Neurogenomics Division, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
    31University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
    32Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
    33Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
    34Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
    35Center for Applied Genomics of The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
    36National Alzheimer Coordinating Center (NACC), Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
    37Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
    38Rush Alzheimers Disease Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
    39Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, USA.
    40University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
    41Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
    42Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
    43College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
    44Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA.
    45Layton Aging & Alzheimer's Disease Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
    46Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
    47Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
    48Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
    49University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
    50Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
    51Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
    52Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
    53Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
    54Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
    55Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
    56Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
    57Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
    58Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
    59School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland.
    60Functional Genomics Center Zurich, ETH/UZH-Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
    61Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, UK.
    62School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
    631st and 3rd Departments of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
    64Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
    65Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
    66Sorbonne University, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France.
    67MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
    68Institute of Prion Diseases and MRC Prion Unit, University College London, London, UK.
    69Centre for Public Health, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
    70Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham UK.
    71Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
    72Department of Neurodegeneration, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
    73QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.
    74Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
    75Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany.
    76Department of Psychiatry and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.
    77Division of Psychiatry, Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory,University College London, London, UK.
    78Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
    79Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
    80Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Barcelona, Spain and Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.
    81Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Barcelona, Spain and Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.
    82Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA.
    83School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
    84Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
    85Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
    86Center for Translational & Computational Neuroimmunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
    87Neurogenetics Program, Departments of Neurology and Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
    88Department of Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany.
    89Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health (ISAP), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
    90Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA.
    91Department of Neurology II, Kepler University Clinic, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria.
    92Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
    93Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
    94Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Barcelona, Spain and Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.
    95Communication and Research Unit for Musculoskeletal Disorders (FORMI), Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
    96Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
    97Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA, USA.
    98Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
    9923andMe Inc., Mountain View, CA, US.
    100Institute of Public Health, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
    101Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
    102Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
    103Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany.
    104Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
    105QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.
    106Institute of Human Genetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
    107Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
    108Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
    109Department of Ophthalmology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
    110Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.
    111Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Germany.
    112Landspitali National University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland.
    113Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
    114Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
    115Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
    116Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
    117Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
    118QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.
    119QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.
    120Analytic Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
    121Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
    122Analytic Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
    123Boston VA Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
    124Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
    125Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
    126Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.
    127Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany.
    128National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
    129Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
    130Kiel Pain and Headache Center, Kiel, Germany.
    131Pediatric Neurology Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
    132Headache Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.
    133Danish Headache Center, Rigshospitalet Glostrup and University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
    134Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Roskilde, Denmark.
    135Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
    136Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
    137Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
    138Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
    139Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
    140Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
    141Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
    142Netherlands Twin Register, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
    14323andMe Inc., Mountain View, CA, US.
    144Danish Headache Center, Rigshospitalet Glostrup and University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
    145Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
    146Statistical and Genomic Epidemiology Laboratory, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
    147Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
    148Centre for Genomic Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
    149Epilepsy Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Australia.
    150Quantinuum Research LLC, San Diego, CA, USA.
    151Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA.
    152Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
    153Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Universite de Montreal and Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.
    154Neurogenetics Group, VIB-CMN, Antwerp, Belgium.
    155Department of Neurology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
    156Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
    157Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA.
    158NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
    159Amplexa Genetics A/S, Odense, Denmark.
    160Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
    161Epilepsy Center/Neurocenter, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
    162Department of Epileptology, University Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany.
    163Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
    164Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London.
    165Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands.
    166Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
    167Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
    168Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
    169Danish Epilepsy Centre, Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark.
    170Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
    171United Christian Hospital, Hong Kong.
    172Epilepsy Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia.
    173Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
    174Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
    175Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
    176Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
    177Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
    178Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland.
    179Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
    180Institute of Neuropathology, Bonn University Medical School, Bonn, Germany.
    181UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
    182University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK.
    183Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
    184Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit-Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health University of Genoa, "G. Gaslini" Institute, Genova, Italy.
    185Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
    186Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, UK.
    187Department of Neurology, Admiraal De Ruyter Hospital, Goes, The Netherlands.
    188Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
    189Laboratory of Neurogenetics, G. Gaslini Institute, Genova, Italy.
    190Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
    191University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
    192Department of Neurology and Epileptology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
    193CWZ Hospital, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
    194Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
    195Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
    196Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
    197German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany.
    198INSERM U1220, IRSD, Toulouse, France.
    199UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
    200Centre for Genetic Epidemiology, Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biometery, University of Tubingen, Germany.
    201UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
    202Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.
    203Department of Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
    204University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK.
    205Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia.
    206University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia.
    207Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
    208Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy.
    209Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
    210University of Virginia Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
    211Dept of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
    212Centre for Prevention of Stroke and Dementia, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
    213Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Royal Holloway University of London, London, UK .
    214University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
    215Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal.
    216Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
    217Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
    218Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland.
    219Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
    220Department of Neurology, College of Medicine-Jacksonville, University of Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
    221University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia.
    222University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
    223Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
    224Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
    225MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK.
    226Genes and Disease Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Spain.
    227Department of Adult Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland.
    228Clinicum, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Finland.
    229Department of Adolescent Psychiatry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
    230Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA.
    231Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
    232Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno,Italy.
    233Eating Disorders Unit, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
    234Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
    235University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
    236Kartini Clinic, Portland, OR, USA.
    237Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
    238MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit and Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
    239Zorg op Orde BV, Leidschendam, The Netherlands.
    240Division of Psychological & Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technischen Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
    241Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry & Psychosomatic Medicine of University Clinics, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany .
    242Altrecht Eating Disorders Rintveld, Altrecht Mental Health Institute, Zeist, The Netherlands.
    243Altrecht Eating Disorders Rintveld, Altrecht Mental Health Institute, Zeist, The Netherlands.
    244Medical Genetics Unit, Department SDB, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
    245UOC Genetica ed Epidemiologica Clinica Az. Ospedaliera, Padova, Italy.
    246Department of Human Genetics, CHU Sart-Tilman, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
    247Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Cancer Center and M. Sklodowska-Curie Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland.
    248Department of Psychiatry, University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
    249Department of Psychiatry, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
    250Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania "luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.
    251Eating Disorders Unit, 1st Psychiatric Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
    252Aglaia Kyriakou Childrens Hospital, Athens, Greece.
    253Eating Disorders Unit, Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
    254University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
    255Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
    256School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
    257Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
    258Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.
    259Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain.
    260Departments of Psychology and Human & Molecular Genetics, College Behavioral and Emotional Health Institute, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.
    261Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
    262NORMENT, Div. of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
    263NORMENT, Div. of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
    264Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
    265NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Center for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway.
    266Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
    267McLaughlin Centre and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
    268Biopsychosocial Corporation, Vienna, Austria.
    269Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
    270Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
    271Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden.
    272Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA.
    273School of Medicine, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA.
    274Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
    275BioRealm, Walnut, California, USA.
    276Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
    277University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
    278Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain.
    279Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.
    280Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
    281Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
    282Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
    283Child and Adolescent Mental Health Unit, Hospital Universitario Mútua de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain.
    284Fundació Docència i Recerca Mútua Terrassa.
    285K.G. Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway.
    286K.G. Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway.
    287K.G. Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway.
    288Cardiff University, Medical Research Council Center for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Institute of Psychology, Medicine & Clinical Neuroscience, Cardiff, UK.
    289Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany.
    290Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany.
    291Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
    292Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
    293Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
    294Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
    295Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
    296Department of Psychiatry & Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
    297Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
    298Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
    299Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
    300Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
    301Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
    302Landspitali National University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland.
    303Center of Mental Health, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
    304School of Psychology, Cardiff University, UK.
    305Central Institute of Mental Health, Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
    306Central Institute of Mental Health, Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
    307National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
    308Department of Biomedicine and Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
    309Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
    310Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
    311Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
    312Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
    313Neurosciences and Mental Health Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.
    314Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.
    315Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
    316Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
    317ADHD Outpatient Clinic, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
    318QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.
    319Analytic Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
    320Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
    321Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
    322Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
    323Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
    324Stella Maris Clinical Research Institute for Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Pisa, Italy.
    325Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France.
    326Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
    327Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
    328LifeOmic, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
    329Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
    330Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
    331Child Developmental Center, Hospital Pediátrico, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
    332Dept of Clinical Genetics, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland.
    333Division of Molecular Genome Analysis and Division of Cancer Genome Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
    334Inserm U955, Psychiatrie Translationnelle, Créteil, France.
    335Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA .
    336Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
    337Yale Center for Genome Analysis, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
    338Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
    339Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK.
    340School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
    341Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
    342Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
    343Department of Psychiatry, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
    344Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
    345Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
    346Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
    347Center for Psychiatric Research, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Portland, ME, USA.
    348Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debre Hospital, APHP, Paris, France.
    349Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches en Psychopathologie et Psychologie de la Santé (CERPPS), Université Toulouse Jean Jaurès, Toulouse, France.
    350Genomics Medicine Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
    351McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
    352Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
    353Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
    354Central Institute of Mental Health, Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
    355Division of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
    356NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
    357Cognitive Genetics and Cognitive Therapy Group, Neuroimaging, Cognition and Genomics (NICOG) Centre, School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.
    358Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
    359Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
    360Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
    361Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
    362Inserm U955, Psychiatrie Translationnelle, Créteil, France.
    363Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Bonn & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
    364Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
    365Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
    366Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia.
    367Unidad de Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Malaga, Malaga, Spain.
    368Unidad de Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Malaga, Malaga, Spain.
    369Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia.
    370Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
    371Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
    372Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
    373Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
    374Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
    375School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
    376University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
    377Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA.
    378Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
    379Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
    380MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
    381Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK.
    382Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada.
    383Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Canada.
    384Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Canada.
    385Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
    386SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
    387University College London, London, UK.
    388Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
    389Hospital for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Cologne, Germany.
    390Laboratory of Psychiatric Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
    391Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
    392National Centre for Mental Health, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
    393Department Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
    394Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.
    395Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Bonn & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
    396Central Institute of Mental Health, Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
    397Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
    398Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
    399Bela Menso Brain and Behaviour Centre, James Cook University, Varsity Lakes, Australia.
    400Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
    401Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
    402Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
    403Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
    404Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Neurosciences, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
    405Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark.
    406Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
    407Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
    408Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
    409School of Psychology and Counselling, Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia.
    410Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
    411Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
    412Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
    413Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
    414Janssen Research & Development LLC, Titusville, NJ, USA.
    415Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany .
    416Research School of Behavioural and Cognitive Neurosciences, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
    417Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
    418Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
    419Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
    420Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research & Education, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
    421Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.
    422Grupo de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
    423Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
    424Department of Psychiatry, Sao Paulo Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
    425Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.
    426Depto. Farmacogenética, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatria Ramon de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico.
    427Department of Psychiatry, Sao Paulo Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
    428Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen and University Medical Center, Groningen, the Netherlands.
    429Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy.
    430Bio4Dreams Srl, Milan, Italy.
    431University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
    432Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
    433QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.
    434University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
    435Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
    436Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
    437Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
    438Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
    439Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
    440Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
    441Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
    442Centre National Maladie 'Syndrome Rare Gilles de la Tourette', Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
    443Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
    444Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
    445Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
    446De Bascule, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
    447Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
    448Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
    449Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
    450University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
    451MRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
    452Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA.
    453Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
    454Sección de Neuropediatría, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.
    455Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
    456Yulius Academy, Yulius Mental Health Organization, Barendrecht, The Netherlands.
    457Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA.
    458Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
    459Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.
    460Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
    461National Institute of Genomic Medicine (INMEGEN), Ciudad de México, Mexico.
    462Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
    463Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
    464Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.
    465Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
    466Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
    467Division of Adolescent and Child Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.
    468Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Institusky 9, Moscow, Russia.
    469Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
    470Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
    471Frederick W. Thompson Anxiety Disorders Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada.
    472Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
    473Division of Neuropsychiatry, University College London, London, UK.
    474Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technischen Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
    475Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit (UPIA), Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil.
    476Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
    477Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
    478Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa.
    479Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
    480Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
    481Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
    482Pfizer, Inc., New York, NY, USA.
    483Department of Child Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
    484Sorbonne Université, Faculty of Médecine, Paris, France.
    485Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
    486Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
    487Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, USA.
    488Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
    489Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
    490Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
    491Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
    492Clinical Research, Grupo Médico Carracci, Mexico City, Mexico.
    493Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia.
    494Division of Psychiatry, Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory,University College London, London, UK.
    495School of Nursing, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.
    496Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
    497School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia.
    498Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore.
    499Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
    500Departments of Medicine and Psychiatry, School of Medicine University of Cantabria-IDIVAL, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain.
    501Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
    502Minerva Neurosciences Inc., Waltham, MA, USA.
    503VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.
    504APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
    505Neuroimaging, Cognition and Genomics (NICOG) Centre, School of Psychology, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.
    506Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
    507Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem Research Institute, Evanston, IL, USA.
    508Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
    509Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
    510Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria.
    511Department of Molecular Bases of Human Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
    512Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia.
    513Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
    514Institute of Mental Health, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
    515Department of Human Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
    516Hunter New England Local Health District, Newcastle, Australia.
    517National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
    518Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
    519Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
    520Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics (NICOG), National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway, Ireland.
    521Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
    522Philipps-Universität Marburg and Marburg University Hospital UKGM, Marburg, Germany.
    523Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
    524Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Victoria, Australia.
    525SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
    526Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
    527Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK.
    528Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
    529Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem Research Institute, Evanston, IL, USA.
    530University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia.
    531Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.
    532Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
    533School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.
    534Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
    535Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore.
    536Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria.
    537Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
    538MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
    539Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
    540University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
    541Departments of Psychiatry and Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
    542UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK.
    543Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
    544School of Medicine & Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia.
    545NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
    546Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
    547University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia.
    548Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
    549Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Social Genetics & Developmental Psychiatry Center, MRC, Kings College London, London, UK.
    550Analytic Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
    551Departments of Psychiatry and Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
    552Analytic Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
    553Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
    554Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
    555UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK.
    556Cardiff University, Medical Research Council Center for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Institute of Psychology, Medicine & Clinical Neuroscience, Cardiff, UK.
    557Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
    558Division Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
    559Department of Psychiatry and UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
    560Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
    561Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
    562Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
    563Cardiff University, Medical Research Council Center for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Institute of Psychology, Medicine & Clinical Neuroscience, Cardiff, UK.
    564Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.
    565Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
    566Analytic Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
    567Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
    568Departments of Psychiatry and Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
    569Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
    570Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. verneri.anttila@gmail.com acorvin@tcd.ie bneale@broadinstitute.org.
    571Analytic Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. verneri.anttila@gmail.com acorvin@tcd.ie bneale@broadinstitute.org.
    Abstract

    Disorders of the brain can exhibit considerable epidemiological comorbidity and often share symptoms, provoking debate about their etiologic overlap. We quantified the genetic sharing of 25 brain disorders from genome-wide association studies of 265,218 patients and 784,643 control participants and assessed their relationship to 17 phenotypes from 1,191,588 individuals. Psychiatric disorders share common variant risk, whereas neurological disorders appear more distinct from one another and from the psychiatric disorders. We also identified significant sharing between disorders and a number of brain phenotypes, including cognitive measures. Further, we conducted simulations to explore how statistical power, diagnostic misclassification, and phenotypic heterogeneity affect genetic correlations. These results highlight the importance of common genetic variation as a risk factor for brain disorders and the value of heritability-based methods in understanding their etiology.


    Copyright © 2018 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

    Publikations ID: 29930110
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