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| Wellcome open research. 2016 Nov 15. doi: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.9899.1 |
| Highly variable penetrance of abnormal phenotypes in embryonic lethal knockout mice. |
| Wilson R1, Geyer SH2, Reissig L3, Rose J4, Szumska D5, Hardman E6, Prin F7, McGuire C8, Ramirez-Solis R9, White J10, Galli A11, Tudor C12, Tuck E13, Mazzeo C14, Smith JC15, Robertson E16, Adams DJ17, Mohun T18, Weninger WJ19 |
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Abstract Background: Identifying genes that are essential for mouse embryonic development and survival through term is a powerful and unbiased way to discover possible genetic determinants of human developmental disorders. Characterising the changes in mouse embryos that result from ablation of lethal genes is a necessary first step towards uncovering their role in normal embryonic development and establishing any correlates amongst human congenital abnormalities. Methods: Here we present results gathered to date in the Deciphering the Mechanisms of Developmental Disorders (DMDD) programme, cataloguing the morphological defects identified from comprehensive imaging of 220 homozygous mutant embryos from 42 lethal and subviable lines, analysed at E14.5. Results: Virtually all embryos show multiple abnormal phenotypes and amongst the 42 lines these affect most organ systems. Within each mutant line, the phenotypes of individual embryos form distinct but overlapping sets. Subcutaneous edema, malformations of the heart or great vessels, abnormalities in forebrain morphology and the musculature of the eyes are all prevalent phenotypes, as is loss or abnormal size of the hypoglossal nerve. Conclusions: Overall, the most striking finding is that no matter how profound the malformation, each phenotype shows highly variable penetrance within a mutant line. These findings have challenging implications for efforts to identify human disease correlates. |
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KEYWORDS: development, embryo, high-resolution episcopic microscopy, morphology, mouse, penetrance, phenotype |
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Publikations ID: 27996060 Quelle: öffnen |
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